Home Compounds Longevity & Mitochondrial Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)
Longevity & Mitochondrial Research Moderate Evidence

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)

NAD+ precursor vitamin B3 analogue. First orally bioavailable NAD+ booster with human clinical trial data. Studied for cardiovascular health, neuroprotection, metabolic function, and healthy aging.

NAD+NRvitamin B3longevitymitochondriacardiovascularsirtuin
Half-life
Plasma NR brief; measured as sustained NAD+ elevation lasting hours-days
SKUs
2
Evidence
Moderate Evidence

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a form of vitamin B3 and a direct precursor to NAD+. It is one of the primary compounds studied for raising cellular NAD+ levels in humans. It has a body of human clinical trial evidence — more than many other longevity supplements — showing it reliably elevates blood NAD+ levels. Whether that elevation translates into meaningful health outcomes is still being established.

NAD+ Elevation Research
Multiple human trials have confirmed that oral NR supplementation raises blood NAD+ and its metabolites. A commonly cited trial (ChromaDex-sponsored, published in Nature Communications) showed approximately 40-60% increases in blood NAD+ metabolites with doses of 100-300mg twice daily.
Cardiovascular Research
A small randomized trial in healthy middle-aged and older adults showed NR supplementation reduced aortic stiffness — a marker of cardiovascular aging — and lowered blood pressure. Larger trials are underway to confirm these findings.
Muscle and Physical Function
Human trials have examined NR for muscle NAD+ content, mitochondrial function, and physical performance. Some studies show increases in muscle NAD+ and improvements in endurance capacity, though not all trials show significant functional benefit.
Neurological Applications
Early research is examining NR for neurodegenerative conditions. A trial in Parkinson's disease patients showed NR raised brain NAD+ levels as measured by MRI spectroscopy and improved mitochondrial function in blood cells.
  • Consistently raises blood NAD+ metabolites in human trials — one of the most reliably confirmed findings.
  • Small trial data suggest reductions in aortic stiffness and blood pressure.
  • Muscle NAD+ content increases with supplementation in some studies.
  • Parkinson's trial showed brain NAD+ elevation and mitochondrial improvements.
  • Large randomized trials with clinical endpoints are still ongoing.

While NR reliably raises NAD+ levels, whether raised NAD+ levels translate into clinical benefits has not been confirmed in large trials. Many positive findings come from small studies. Some of the foundational research has been funded by the manufacturer (ChromaDex). The optimal dose and long-term effects are not fully established. NR is a supplement, not an FDA-approved drug.

NAD+ cannot be taken as a pill in a way that easily reaches cells — it is a large charged molecule that does not pass through cell membranes easily. The body needs to build it from precursors. Nicotinamide riboside is one of the most efficient precursors — it enters cells through specific transporters and is rapidly converted to NAD+ through a two-step process. This makes it an effective way to raise intracellular NAD+ without the need for IV administration. Once inside the cell, the additional NAD+ supports mitochondrial energy production, sirtuin activation, and DNA repair — all of the same pathways that direct NAD+ supplementation targets.

NR has a good safety record in human trials. It is generally well-tolerated, with minor and infrequent side effects including mild nausea and flushing. Some people notice increased sweating, which is thought to be related to NAD+ metabolism byproducts. It is sold as a supplement and is widely available. No serious adverse effects have emerged in trials up to 300mg twice daily. Long-term safety beyond the periods studied in trials is not established.

Moderate Evidence

This compound has been studied in Phase 1 or Phase 2 human trials. Evidence is encouraging but more large-scale trials are needed.

Published Research Ranges
250–1000mg/day oral; 300mg and 1000mg most studied doses in human trials
Research Context Only: These are ranges reported in published scientific studies for educational reference. They are not dosing recommendations. This is not medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.

Sources listed here are from the platform research library. All links open the original publication. No citations are generated by AI.

Nicotinamide Riboside Elevates NAD+ Levels in Healthy Humans: First Clinical Trial
Nature Communications • 2016  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12220
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Nicotinamide Riboside and Arterial Stiffness in Middle-Aged Adults: RCT
Nature Communications • 2018  • DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03421-7
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De novo NAD+ biosynthetic impairment in acute kidney injury in humans
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders
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An Overview of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Metabolites and the tumour microenvironment: from cellular mechanisms to systemic metabolism
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action
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Role of NAD+ in regulating cellular and metabolic signaling pathways
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Evolving concepts in NAD+ metabolism
 • 2021  • DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.003
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Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: implications in health and disease
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CD8+ T cell metabolism in infection and cancer
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Role of Skeletal Muscle in Insulin Resistance and Glucose Uptake
 • 2020  • DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190029
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NAD+ homeostasis in renal health and disease
 • 2020  • DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0216-6
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Kynurenine pathway, NAD+ synthesis, and mitochondrial function: Targeting tryptophan metabolism to promote longevity and healthspan
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Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
 • 2019  • DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.311371
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: Role in pathogenesis and novel therapeutic opportunities
 • 2019  • DOI: 10.1111/bph.14585
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Role of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Related Precursors as Therapeutic Targets for Age-Related Degenerative Diseases: Rationale, Biochemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Outcomes
 • 2019  • DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7269
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TGF-β in Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrogenesis-Updated 2019
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Personalized medicine: motivation, challenges, and progress
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Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States
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 • 2018  • DOI: 10.1172/jci120849
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NAD<sup>+</sup> in Aging: Molecular Mechanisms and Translational Implications
 • 2017  • DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.08.001
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Mitochondrial energetics in the kidney
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An atlas of cortical circular RNA expression in Alzheimer disease brains demonstrates clinical and pathological associations
 • 2019  • DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0501-5
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Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depressive disorders: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
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Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress: An Integral, Updated and Critical Overview of Their Metabolic Interconnections
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Mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular defects and therapeutic approaches
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The multifaceted regulation of mitophagy by endogenous metabolites
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in microglia: a novel perspective for pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
 • 2022  • DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02613-9
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Molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of mitophagy
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Circadian rhythm as a therapeutic target
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Mitophagy and Oxidative Stress: The Role of Aging
 • 2021  • DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050794
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Adverse cardiac effects of cancer therapies: cardiotoxicity and arrhythmia
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Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases
 • 2020  • DOI: 10.3390/cells9010150
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Genetic predispositions of Parkinson's disease revealed in patient-derived brain cells
 • 2020  • DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-0110-8
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Aging and Autophagy in the Heart
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Role of the ACE2/Angiotensin 1-7 Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Heart Failure
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Nuclear DNA damage signalling to mitochondria in ageing
 • 2016  • DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.14
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Mitochondrial Quality Control as a Therapeutic Target
 • 2016  • DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011502
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Interplay between Metabolism and Epigenetics: A Nuclear Adaptation to Environmental Changes
 • 2016  • DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.05.029
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From Ancient Pathways to Aging Cells-Connecting Metabolism and Cellular Senescence
 • 2016  • DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.010
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NAD(+) Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis: A Balancing Act between Mitochondria and the Nucleus
 • 2015  • DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.023
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NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease
 • 2014  • DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.002
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in cell fate decision and human disease
 • 2014  • DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5851
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Metabolic control of autophagy
 • 2014  • DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.006
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60 sources · Platform research library · Not generated by AI

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Research Education Only: This profile is for educational purposes only. All information is sourced from published scientific literature. This is not medical advice. Not for human consumption. Consult qualified medical professionals for any health decisions.