Half-life
Minutes plasma; CNS effects last hours
Evidence Level
Moderate Evidence
Mechanism of Action
Increases BDNF, NGF, and VEGF expression. Modulates dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. Promotes neuronal plasticity and has neuroprotective properties via multiple pathways.
Published Research Ranges & Study Context
Studies have administered: 100–600mcg/day intranasal in clinical studies
Important Research Framing
These are ranges reported in published scientific studies. They are provided for educational context only and do not constitute dosing recommendations. Individual study parameters vary by design, population, and research objectives. This information is not medical advice.
Primary Research Findings
Russian clinical trials show improvements in ADHD symptoms, cognitive performance, and stroke recovery markers. BDNF elevation documented in human subjects. Drug-approved status in two countries.
Moderate Evidence
Phase 1/2 human trials available
Side Effects Observed in Research
Generally well-tolerated; mild stimulatory effects; irritability at high doses in some research subjects
Available Configurations (SKU Reference)
XA5
XA11
Compounds Studied in Combination
These compounds have been examined together in research literature. Combination use is not endorsed or recommended — this information is provided for research context only.
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Research Education Only: This compound profile is for educational purposes only. All information is sourced from published scientific literature. This is not medical advice. Not for human consumption. Consult qualified medical professionals for any health decisions. Regulatory status varies by jurisdiction.