Evidence Level
Moderate Evidence
Mechanism of Action
Binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure and electron transport chain efficiency. Reduces mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species.
Published Research Ranges & Study Context
Studies have administered: 0.05–0.25mg/kg in phase 2 trials
Important Research Framing
These are ranges reported in published scientific studies. They are provided for educational context only and do not constitute dosing recommendations. Individual study parameters vary by design, population, and research objectives. This information is not medical advice.
Primary Research Findings
REMED-HF trial: improved walking distance in heart failure patients. Multiple phase 2 studies in mitochondrial myopathy and renal protection show promising signals.
Moderate Evidence
Phase 1/2 human trials available
Side Effects Observed in Research
Injection site reactions primary side effect in trials; generally well-tolerated
Available Configurations (SKU Reference)
2S10
2S50
Compounds Studied in Combination
These compounds have been examined together in research literature. Combination use is not endorsed or recommended — this information is provided for research context only.
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Research Education Only: This compound profile is for educational purposes only. All information is sourced from published scientific literature. This is not medical advice. Not for human consumption. Consult qualified medical professionals for any health decisions. Regulatory status varies by jurisdiction.