Scientific Glossary

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Angiogenesis is triggered by signals including VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), FGF, and PDGF. New blood vessels supply nutrients and oxygen to healing tissue. BPC-157 is one of the most studied research peptides for its proposed pro-angiogenic effects, particularly via VEGF upregulation. Pathological angiogenesis occurs in cancer and diabetic retinopathy, making angiogenesis a complex two-sided research area.

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Fibroblasts are the workhorses of tissue repair. When injury occurs, resident fibroblasts activate and proliferate, producing collagen and other matrix proteins to fill the wound. Myofibroblasts (activated fibroblasts) also contract wounds. GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 all show evidence of modulating fibroblast activity in research. Excessive fibroblast activation leads to fibrosis (scar tissue). Balanced fibroblast regulation is the goal of tissue repair research — healing without excessive scarring.