Scientific Glossary

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mTOR exists in two complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) with distinct functions. mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis, cell growth, and inhibits autophagy in response to nutrients and growth factors (including IGF-1). mTORC2 regulates cell survival and metabolism. In longevity research, mTOR inhibition (by rapamycin or caloric restriction) is associated with lifespan extension in model organisms. mTOR activation is anabolic; inhibition promotes autophagy and cellular recycling.