Scientific Glossary

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Mitochondrial biogenesis is controlled primarily by PGC-1α, a transcriptional coactivator activated by exercise, cold exposure, caloric restriction, and AMPK activation. More mitochondria means greater cellular energy production capacity. Aging is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced biogenesis. Research peptides studied in the context of mitochondrial biogenesis include MOTS-c (AMPK activator), SS-31 (inner membrane stabilizer), and NAD+ precursors (sirtuin activators including SIRT1, which activates PGC-1α).