Scientific Glossary

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Phase 1: First-in-human safety and PK studies in small groups (20-80 subjects). Phase 2: Efficacy signal and dose-finding in hundreds of patients. Phase 3: Large-scale (hundreds to thousands) randomized controlled trials vs. placebo or active comparator — the basis for regulatory approval. Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance after approval to identify rare adverse events in real-world populations. Most research peptides discussed on this platform are in preclinical, Phase 1, or Phase 2 stages. GLP-1 agonists have extensive Phase 3 and 4 data.