Scientific Glossary

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TNF-α drives fever, systemic inflammation, and is a master regulator of other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Chronically elevated TNF-α (as in obesity, metabolic syndrome, arthritis) drives insulin resistance, muscle wasting, and tissue damage. TNF-α inhibitors (biologics like etanercept, adalimumab) are among the most commercially successful drugs. In peptide research, several compounds including KPV, ARA-290, and BPC-157 show evidence of modulating TNF-α production or signaling in preclinical models.