Hydrolyzed in brain to release cycloprolylglycine — endogenous neuropeptide ligand for AMPAkine sites. Also increases BDNF and NGF expression in brain. Modulates AMPA and NMDA receptor signaling. Anxiolytic effects via possible GABA-A potentiation. Alpha wave enhancement observed in EEG studies.
Studies have administered: 10–30mg/day oral or intranasal in Russian clinical research; intranasal may provide better CNS delivery
Ostrovskaya (2009): cognitive improvement in mild cognitive impairment subjects. Neuroprotection against excitotoxicity in multiple models. EEG: alpha and beta power increases. Russian regulatory approval for cognitive dysfunction treatment (different standard than FDA).
Generally well-tolerated; headache, irritability at high doses; Russian RCT data suggests good safety; regulatory status varies by country
These compounds have been examined together in research literature. Combination use is not endorsed or recommended — this information is provided for research context only.
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